Topic
Congenital Heart Disease
Recognizing shunt lesions and structural anomalies, from pediatric screening through adult congenital follow-up.
16 pages in this topic
Tutorials
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
ASD subtypes and true nomenclature, echo diagnosis and Qp:Qs calculation, contrast/TEE technique, and current closure criteria and devices.
TutorialVentricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Modern border-based VSD classification, echo diagnosis, RVSP estimation from the VSD jet, and current closure criteria including special circumstances.
TutorialPatent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Closure timing nuance, the three ductal Doppler flow patterns, hemodynamically-significant-PDA criteria, and distinguishing PDA flow from aortic regurgitation.
TutorialCoarctation of the Aorta
Why 'pre-ductal/post-ductal' oversimplifies the anatomy, the diastolic run-off Doppler sign, the corrected-gradient formula, and Turner syndrome association.
TutorialPulmonary Valve Stenosis
Doming vs. dysplastic valve morphology and treatment implications, the standard severity thresholds, and diagnostic pitfalls in pulmonary stenosis.
TutorialAtrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD)
The common AV junction, five-leaflet valve anatomy, Rastelli classification, and RVSP estimation for partial, transitional, and complete AVSD.
TutorialTetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
The single unifying anatomic mechanism behind TOF's four features, multilevel RVOT obstruction, key associated anomalies, and the postoperative echo checklist.
TutorialEbstein's Anomaly
Failed leaflet delamination, the displacement and Celermajer indices, TR-quantification pitfalls, and the modern cone repair for Ebstein's anomaly.
TutorialTransposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
Why 'D-TGA' is a nonspecific term to avoid, the segmental definition that actually matters, coronary pattern risk, and arterial vs. atrial switch follow-up.
TutorialCongenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries (ccTGA)
Why 'L-TGA' is an outdated, sometimes flatly wrong label, the double-discordance definition, the correct valve-continuity anatomy, and heart block risk.
TutorialTricuspid Atresia
Absent AV connection vs. imperforate valve, the Tandon-Edwards classification with type-specific therapy, and the staged Fontan pathway.
TutorialTruncus Arteriosus (Common Arterial Trunk)
Two classification systems that reuse the same numerals for different things, the 22q11/interrupted arch associations, and truncal valve morphology.
TutorialPulmonary Venous Anomalies
How to image the pulmonary veins by echo, the anatomic spectrum from abnormal vein number to TAPVC, and how to diagnose each anomaly and its obstruction.
TutorialSystemic Venous Anomalies
How to image the SVC, IVC, coronary sinus, hepatic and innominate veins by echo, their congenital anomalies, and why each matters before surgery.
TutorialCoronary Arteries: Imaging, Anomalies, and Kawasaki Disease
Echo views for the coronary arteries, how to diagnose ALCAPA, AAOCA, fistulas and other anomalies, and how to assess coronary involvement in Kawasaki disease.
TutorialEisenmenger Syndrome
The specific 'Eisenmenger-type VSD,' the Qp:Qs>2:1 progression threshold, why vasodilator therapy can harm the wrong PH type, and shunt-specific risk.